Inflation Revisited
A problem good students have is that when they are discouraged from understanding something, they take the hint. I’m attempting to boil away some of the mystical malarkey around our everyday understanding of inflation. Don’t demand to understand or agree with every detail.
Inflation is a catchall for rising prices. I don’t have the
prescription for rising prices. What I can do is categorize inflation first by
currency and then by class.
Use of this generic term obscures the distinction between
currency inflation, our currencies value against other currencies and domestic
inflation when our prices increase but stay in range of other nations or the
price of oil.
At this point there may be some free market(oxymoron)
apologists who make their living prattling that currency inflation can be
ignored:
-The market will adjust. Cheaper currency means greater
competitiveness in the world markets. This will lead to innovation and growth
in the cheaper country.
After which we all have a good laugh. Cheaper currency means
that our assets, our capital goods, are also cheaper. Which means that foreign
investors or speculators will swoop in and buy our factories, spouses, banks
and take the earnings off to their own countries.
Foreign ownership doesn’t have to be bad, ask Jesse James. I
remember a friend carrying on about Japanese investment in the US:
-They run their factories more efficiently. They pay
benefits rather than salary.
-What’s the problem?
-You’ll never get into upper management.
Fear of foreign ownership and speculation is why we have
central banks. The purpose of all these central banks is to maintain stability
in the currency markets, or at least dampen gyration. The success of central
banks can be measured by comparing world currency variation against the price
of gold. If all currencies decline against gold in unison, we can still trade.
The central banks do insider speculation to discourage outsider speculation. At which point you may get some ingrates
complaining that these banks exist only to support the status quo, bear in mind
that status quo is also our employers.
Central banks have various official mechanisms for maintaining
currency parity, or imbalance:
1.
Central banks have a discount window to loan
money to registered banks ensuring that they won’t suffer temporary over
drafts. Registered banks should take this rate to determine their risk of being
overdrawn or defaulted on.
2.
Central banks insure deposits to their
registered banks up to some amount.
3.
Central banks can audit their registered banks.
4.
Central banks can buy and sell their own, other
currencies and gold.
5.
Central Banks can purchase both their own and
foreign government debt.
These powers give central banks the implicit ability to
participate in bail outs and take overs. This may all sound collegial and
powerful to you until government treasuries hold auctions to sell securities
supporting their debt.
While central banks and associated agencies can purchase
these securities the debt of most countries reaches a point where individuals must
participate or the debt sells below its asking price offering a greater yield.
Rather than sell debt below its face value government treasuries raise the
interest offered. In either case the central bank had best raise the discount
rate charged its registered banks or those banks will be making free money,
borrowing from the discount window to buy treasuries. Central banks are
supposed to support themselves.
There may still be some among the economic apologists
fulminating against government debt. Debt is central to capitalism. European
expansion is a consequence of the Fuggers legalizing interest. The problem
isn’t debt; it’s how the money is invested.
Call it capitalism or whatever you want, we need to plan, we
need return on investment, we need to organize work and we must have a
valuation of the consequence. Finance gives us a means of assessing risk
reward. At some point it comes down to someone saying:
-You want to bet?
Within domestic inflation there is also a distinction
between capital and wage inflation. If those terms annoy you substitute
investment and consumer inflation. There are five US government agencies that
restrict wage inflation:
1.
Department of Immigration and Naturalization identifies
the undocumented that set the base rate for salaries.
2.
Taxation (IRS) favors investment over income.
3.
Department of Labor constrains union organizing.
4.
Department of Commerce (Trade) allows imports or
encourages smuggling.
5.
When the central bank, the Federal Reserve for
us, raises interest it curbs new investment which competes on wages.
These constraints on wage inflation increase capital
inflation. Increasing interest reduces competition in general. The check on
capital inflation is market disaster. Investors buying treasuries concern
themselves with wage inflation. Capital inflation raises prices when it
achieves monopoly. Investment can lower prices in a competitive environment.
Sometimes investment can create a competitive environment, thwarting monopoly.
The Fed bouncing the interest rate caused the crash of 1929.
Since then, the Fed is expected to behave in a measured and considerate way. It
is hoped that the Fed will stay ahead of wage inflation. The fear is that the
Fed will get caught in a game of chase, losing investor confidence.
Economists justify their existence by referring to the
velocity of money. Take away the boilerplate and this is used to justify
holding down wages. The velocity of money is defined as the putative total
transactions in a country divided by the putative total amount of money. It
makes sense that when people get paid more, they will indulge in more
transactions benefitting more people. What is lost is that without investment
the price of goods will increase.
Contrast the velocity of money from wage inflation with the
multiplier from capital inflation. The multiplier is when financial instruments
are themselves financed. If everyone must put down 20% borrowing from each
other the multiplier on the original asset is 5. Usually, the down is less than
20%. I’ll put multiplier against velocity any day. At least until the original
loan is paid off. If the loan is defaulted and the asset can be seized this
could lead to further financial stratagems.
Which brings us to the question of national default. Never
loan to kings. Our constitution was written to allow taxation of liquor which
was used to pay for financing from the Dutch. Jefferson negotiated US debt
forgiveness from Napolean who had nominal ownership. Jackson demanded payment
to the US in gold crashing our markets. Grant kept US from paying our debt in
silver, as did McKinley. Under Nixon the US went off gold and onto oil, which
was an abrogation of our debt agreement.
Wage inflation has a direct upward impact on treasury
interest. Capital inflation should lower treasury interest over time. As
capital accumulates it competes for investment opportunity. In a stable
environment this competition should lower the acceptable collective rate of
return. As Piketty explains in such static times wealth is dynastic,
compounding is paramount, marriage and inheritance rule.
Some of these investment opportunities are illusory:
1.
Governments guarantee a rate of return then
undercut this rate by creating more currency.
2.
Council of Institutional Investors gives a list
of dual class publicly traded companies that cannot be taken over such as Meta.
As of February 2026, there were 414 such stocks. Some of these quasi-public
stocks are in indexes.
3.
Private Equity can refuse withdrawals. There is
no requirement that private equity be equitable about who gets to withdraw.
4.
The petrodollar is based on oil. When oil
declines, the dollar declines.
When a bubble pops, central banks and governments can
ameliorate the crisis by giving money to the failing companies. This is
accompanied by harsh words and strict admonitions against recurrence. If the
disaster is extreme enough wage earners may receive subsidies from governments.
The wage earner subsidies are usually criticized as inflationary.
